Preliminary results - 12 months ended 31 December 2006 01 March 2007

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16. Segmental information

(a) Segmental results – primary reporting format – business segments

The principal activity of the Group is financial services, which is managed using the following reportable segments: long-term business, fund management, general insurance and health.

Long-term business

Our long-term business comprises life insurance, long-term health and accident insurance, savings, pensions and annuity business written by our life insurance subsidiaries including managed pension fund business and our share of the other life and related business written in our associates and joint ventures, as well as the lifetime mortgage business written in the United Kingdom.

Fund management activities

Our fund management business invests policyholders' and shareholders' funds, provides investment management services for institutional pension fund mandates and manages a range of retail investment products, including investment funds, unit trusts, OEICs and ISAs. Clients include Aviva group businesses and third-party financial institutions, pension funds, public sector organisations, investment professionals and private investors.

General insurance and health

Our general insurance and health business provides insurance cover to individuals and to small and medium-sized businesses, for risks associated mainly with motor vehicles, property and liability, such as employers' liability and professional indemnity liability, and medical expenses.

Other

Other activities not related to the core business segments or which are not reportable segments due to their immateriality, such as RAC non-insurance operations, our banking businesses and service companies are included as "Other" in the following tables. Head office expenses, such as Group treasury and finance functions are also reported as "Other", together with eliminations and any other reconciling items. Certain financing costs and taxes are not allocated among the segments.

The accounting policies of the segments are the same as those for the Group as a whole. Any transactions between the business segments are on normal commercial terms and market conditions.

Segment assets and liabilities comprise operating assets and liabilities, being the majority of the balance sheet but excluding items such as tax and certain borrowings.

(b) Segmental results of the income statement – primary reporting format – business segments for the year ended 31 December 2006

  Long-term business £m Fund management £m General insurance and health £m Other £m Total £m
Segment income from external customers:          
Net written premiums 16,532 - 10,702 - 27,234
Net earned premiums 16,532 - 10,795 - 27,327
Fee and commission income 630 452 172 616 1,870
  17,162 452 10,967 616 29,197
Net investment income 13,928 17 1,299 229 15,473
Inter-segment revenue - 199 - - 199
Profit on the disposal of subsidiaries and associates 12 - 88 122 222
Segment income 31,102 668 12,354 967 45,091
Claims and benefits paid, net of recoveries from reinsurers (16,523) - (6,921) - (23,444)
Change in insurance liabilities, net of reinsurance (2,594) - (26) - (2,620)
Change in investment contract provisions (6,002) - - - (6,002)
Change in unallocated divisible surplus (558) - - - (558)
Fee and commission expense (2,125) (111) (2,742) (65) (5,043)
Other operating expenses          
Depreciation (12) (3) (19) (89) (123)
Amortisation of acquired value of in-force business (58) - - - (58)
Net impairment of acquired value of in-force business (28) - - - (28)
Amortisation and net impairment of intangible assets (32) (1) (18) (19) (70)
Impairment of goodwill - - - (94) (94)
Other impairment losses recognised in the income statement 6 - (5) (1) -
Inter-segment expense (190) - (8) (1) (199)
Other expenses (990) (392) (806) (996) (3,184)
Finance costs (367) - (3) (230) (600)
Segment expenses (29,473) (507) (10,548) (1,495) (42,023)
Segment result before share of profit/(loss) of joint ventures and associates 1,629 161 1,806 (528) 3,068
Share of profit/(loss) of joint ventures and associates 471 (7) 5 16 485
Segmental result before tax 2,100 154 1,811 (512) 3,553
Unallocated costs:          
Finance costs on central borrowings         (230)
Tax attributable to policyholders’ returns         (346)
Tax attributable to shareholders’ profits         (588)
Total unallocated expenses         (1,164)
Profit for the year         2,389

Finance costs on central borrowings comprise interest payable on borrowings by holding companies within the Group which are not allocated to operating companies.

Proforma reconciliation to operating profit before tax attributable to shareholders’ profits

  Long-term business £m Fund management £m General insurance and health £m Other £m Total £m
Segment result before tax 2,100 154 1,811 (512) 3,553
Finance costs on central borrowings - - (2) (228) (230)
Adjusted for the following items:          
Impairment of goodwill - - - 94 94
Amortisation and impairment of acquired value of in-force business 100 - - - 100
Amortisation and impairment of intangible assets 32 1 18 19 70
Financial Services Compensation Scheme and other levies - - (6) - (6)
Short-term fluctuation in return on investments backing general insurance and health business - - (149) - (149)
Profit on the disposal of subsidiaries and associates (12) - (88) (122) (222)
Integration and restructuring costs 21 - 95 130 246
Unallocated interest and corporate costs reallocation 1 - 1 (2) -
  2,242 155 1,680 (621) 3,456
Less:          
Tax attributable to policyholders’ returns (346) - - - (346)
Operating profit before tax attributable to shareholders’ profits 1,896 155 1,680 (621) 3,110

(c) Segmental results of the income statement – primary reporting format – business segments for the year ended 31 December 2005

  Long-term business £m Fund management £m General insurance and health £m Other £m Total £m
Segment income from external customers:          
Net written premiums 14,671 - 10,311 - 24,982
Net earned premiums 14,671 - 10,188 - 24,859
Fee and commission income 598 318 218 717 1,851
  15,269 318 10,406 717 26,710
Net investment income 21,985 15 1,603 119 23,722
Inter-segment revenue - 112 - - 112
(Loss)/profit on the disposal of subsidiaries and associates (10) - 41 122 153
Segment income 37,244 445 12,050 958 50,697
Claims and benefits paid, net of recoveries from reinsurers (13,482) - (6,224) - (19,706)
Change in insurance liabilities, net of reinsurance (10,004) - (372) - (10,376)
Change in investment contract provisions (7,814) - - - (7,814)
Change in unallocated divisible surplus (1,474) - - - (1,474)
Fee and commission expense (1,481) (78) (2,756) (15) (4,330)
Other operating expenses          
Depreciation (11) (6) (17) (78) (112)
Amortisation of acquired value of in-force business (27) - - - (27)
Net impairment of acquired value of in-force business (28) - - - (28)
Amortisation and net impairment of intangible assets (24) - (5) (16) (45)
Impairment of goodwill (14) - - (29) (43)
Other impairment losses recognised in the income statement (37) - - - (37)
Inter-segment expense (103) - (9) - (112)
Other expenses (999) (236) (615) (1,024) (2,874)
Finance costs (203) - (58) (100) (361)
Segment expenses (35,701) (320) (10,056) (1,262) (47,339)
Segment result before share of profit/(loss) of joint ventures and associates 1,543 125 1,994 (304) 3,358
Share of profit/(loss) of joint ventures and associates 322 (1) 1 18 340
Segmental result before tax 1,865 124 1,995 (286) 3,698
Unallocated costs:          
Finance costs on central borrowings         (248)
Tax attributable to policyholders’ returns         (922)
Tax attributable to shareholders’ profits         (630)
Total unallocated costs         (1,800)
Profit for the year         1,898

Finance costs on central borrowings comprise interest payable on borrowings by holding companies within the Group which are not allocated to operating companies.

Proforma reconciliation to operating profit before tax attributable to shareholders’ profits

  Long-term business £m Fund management £m General insurance and health £m Other £m Total £m
Segment result before tax 1,865 124 1,995 (286) 3,698
Finance costs on central borrowings - - - (248) (248)
Adjusted for the following items:
Impairment of goodwill 14 - - 29 43
Amortisation and impairment of acquired value of in-force business 73 - - - 73
Amortisation and impairment of intangible assets 24 - 5 16 45
Short-term fluctuation on investment return - - (517) - (517)
Loss/(Profit) on the disposal of subsidiaries and associates 10 - (41) (122) (153)
Integration costs - - 77 32 109
Unallocated interest - (1) 25 (24) -
Corporate costs reallocation 1 1 7 (9) -
  1,987 124 1,551 (612) 3,050
Less:
Tax attributable to policyholders’ returns (922) - - - (922)
Operating profit before tax attributable to shareholders’ profits 1,065 124 1,551 (612) 2,128

(d) Segmental balance sheet – primary reporting format – business segments as at 31 December 2006

  Long-term business £m Fund management £m General insurance and health £m Other £m Total £m
Goodwill 1,316 9 390 1,195 2,910
Acquired value of in-force business and intangible assets 2,301 18 287 122 2,728
Investments in joint ventures and associates 3,526 44 39 81 3,690
Property and equipment 416 4 94 390 904
Investment property 14,714 - 384 25 15,123
Loans 18,805 - 735 6,905 26,445
Financial investments
Debt securities 102,815 3 7,933 2,290 113,041
Equity securities 52,782 19 2,858 1,103 56,762
Other investments 32,453 8 457 132 33,050
Other assets 24,383 534 9,755 1,854 36,526
Segment assets 253,511 639 22,932 14,097 291,179
Unallocated assets – tax assets         1,543
Total assets         292,722
Insurance liabilities 126,224 - 18,006 - 144,230
Liability for investment contracts 88,358 - - - 88,358
Unallocated divisible surplus 9,465 - - - 9,465
Net asset value attributable to unitholders 3,786 1 23 - 3,810
External borrowings 3,894 - 11 4,037 7,942
Other liabilities, including inter-segment liabilities 6,999 313 (712) 9,719 16,319
Segment liabilities 238,726 314 17,328 13,756 270,124
Unallocated liabilities
Central borrowings         4,195
Tax liabilities         4,339
Total liabilities         278,658
Total equity         14,064
Total equity and liabilities         292,722

Central borrowings are borrowings by holding companies within the Group which are not allocated to operating companies. In 2006, there has been a reclassification of Amstelhuys loans into “Other” business from our general insurance and health segment.

(e) Segmental balance sheet – primary reporting format – business segments as at 31 December 2005

  Long-term business £m Fund management £m General insurance and health £m Other £m Total £m
Goodwill 631 - 398 1,245 2,274
Acquired value of in-force business and intangible assets 424 - 265 114 803
Investments in joint ventures and associates 2,815 46 39 114 3,014
Property and equipment 367 4 126 388 885
Investment property 12,895 - 338 42 13,275
Loans 18,240 - 3,661 2,643 24,544
Financial investments
Debt securities 91,926 2 9,390 2,599 103,917
Equity securities 48,365 12 2,647 1,020 52,044
Other investments 25,920 8 459 40 26,427
Other assets 23,185 490 9,425 2,059 35,159
Segment assets 224,768 562 26,748 10,264 262,342
Unallocated assets – tax assets         1,105
Total assets         263,447
Insurance liabilities 114,176 - 18,426 - 132,602
Liability for investment contracts 77,309 - - - 77,309
Unallocated divisible surplus 8,978 - - - 8,978
Net asset value attributable to unitholders 3,137 - - - 3,137
External borrowings 4,060 - 2,565 578 7,203
Other liabilities, including inter-segment liabilities 6,149 293 (224) 9,607 15,825
Segment liabilities 213,809 293 20,767 10,185 245,054
Unallocated liabilities
Central borrowings         3,810
Tax liabilities         3,491
Total liabilities         252,355
Total equity         11,092
Total equity and liabilities         263,447

Central borrowings are borrowings by holding companies within the Group which are not allocated to operating companies.

(f) Goodwill allocation and impairment testing

IFRS requires formal impairment testing to be carried out annually. For impairment testing, goodwill and intangibles with indefinite useful lives have been allocated to cash-generating units by geographical reporting unit and business segment. The carrying amount of goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite useful lives is reviewed at least annually or when circumstances or events indicate there may be uncertainty over this value.

During the year, goodwill allocated to a long-term cash-generating unit in Germany, Berlinische, was tested for impairment. Following the impairment test, an impairment charge of £94 million has been recognised in the income statement. The impairment charge arose as a result of the fall off in contribution from new business in 2006 and current adverse experience within the in-force portfolio. As a result of this, no goodwill remains allocated to this cash-generating unit. The 2005 impairment charge of £43 million comprised £21 million relating to goodwill allocated to a life cash-generating unit in Germany and £22 million on other small European businesses.

(g) Long-term business summary analysis by geographical segment

Germany has been reclassified from Other Europe to the Netherlands, Lithuania has been reclassified from Other Europe to Poland and Norwich Union’s Dublin-based offshore life and savings business has been reclassified from Other Europe to the United Kingdom.

(i) Income statement for the year ended 31 December 2006

  Net written premiums Fee and commission income Profit before tax
  2006 £m 2005 £m 2006 £m 2005 £m 2006 £m 2005 £m
France 3,573 3,553 179 160 259 234
Ireland 397 182 64 23 52 56
Italy 1,919 1,357 69 66 76 35
Netherlands (including Belgium, Germany and Luxembourg) 2,079 2,582 21 57 453 164
Poland 395 312 55 45 108 90
Spain 1,266 1,248 56 39 113 75
Other Europe 159 152 3 4 (16) (5)
Continental Europe 9,788 9,386 447 394 1,045 649
United States 932 517 4 - 17 (4)
Other 512 309 39 27 68 12
Rest of the World 1,444 826 43 27 85 8
International 11,232 10,212 490 421 1,130 657
United Kingdom 5,300 4,459 140 177 970 1,208
Total 16,532 14,671 630 598 2,100 1,865

The following analysis shows the net written premiums from associates and joint ventures on insurance and participating investment contracts which are not included in the analysis above.

  2006 £m 2005 £m
RBSG 236 217
India 31 14
China 38 30
  305 261

(ii) Balance sheet as at 31 December 2006

  Segmental total assets Segmental net assets
  2006 £m 2005 £m 2006 £m 2005 £m
France 46,547 44,109 1,355 1,318
Ireland 10,951 6,054 1,040 628
Italy 11,828 10,805 613 570
Netherlands (including Belgium, Germany and Luxembourg) 28,340 28,826 2,922 2,344
Poland 2,232 1,860 216 203
Spain 6,641 6,355 862 805
Other Europe 483 515 65 59
Continental Europe 107,022 98,524 7,073 5,927
United States 18,828 3,866 2,470 365
Other 3,687 3,563 433 387
Rest of the World 22,515 7,429 2,903 752
International 129,537 105,953 9,976 6,679
United Kingdom 123,974 118,815 4,809 4,280
Total 253,511 224,768 14,785 10,959

(h) Geographical analysis of life and pensions and investment sales – new business and total income

For the purpose of recording life and pensions new business premiums, the Group’s policy is to include life insurance, long-term health and accident insurance, savings, pensions and annuity business written by our life insurance subsidiaries, including managed pension fund business and our share of the other life and related business written in our associates and joint ventures as well as the lifetime mortgage business written in the UK. This includes both insurance and investment contracts as defined under IFRS 4, Insurance Contracts and is consistent with the definition of covered business used for our supplementary embedded value reporting.

An analysis of new long-term business sales is provided below. In this table, single premiums are those relating to products issued by the Group, which provide for the payment of one premium only. Regular premiums are those where there is a contractual obligation to pay on an ongoing basis. Life and pensions total income represents all net written premiums in the year for insurance contracts and investment contracts, excluding non-participating investment contracts which are required to be accounted for under IAS 39, Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement and IAS 18, Revenue.

  New single premiums New regular premiums Total income
  2006 £m 2005 £m 2006 £m 2005 £m 2006 £m 2005 £m
Life and pensions:
France 3,090 3,077 82 76 3,573 3,553
Ireland 809 372 109 63 397 182
Italy 2,216 1,940 101 58 1,919 1,357
Netherlands (including Belgium, Germany and Luxembourg) 1,224 1,441 148 179 2,079 2,582
Poland 238 120 48 34 395 312
Spain 1,410 1,395 107 100 1,266 1,248
Other Europe 83 78 55 43 159 152
Continental Europe 9,070 8,423 650 553 9,788 9,386
United States 767 448 20 20 931 517
Other 490 350 116 93 582 353
Rest of the World 1,257 798 136 113 1,513 870
International 10,327 9,221 786 666 11,301 10,256
United Kingdom 8,312 6,705 608 485 5,536 4,676
Total life and pensions (including share of associates) 18,639 15,926 1,394 1,151 16,837 14,932
Retail sales of mutual fund type products:
Netherlands 285 563 - - 285 563
Poland 127 49 4 4 131 53
Other Europe 475 410 - - 475 410
Other 1,564 1,151 - - 1,564 1,151
International 2,451 2,173 4 4 2,455 2,177
United Kingdom 2,411 1,139 44 21 2,455 1,160
Total investment sales 4,862 3,312 48 25 4,910 3,337
Total long-term savings (including share of associates) 23,501 19,238 1,442 1,176 21,747 18,269

Included within new business sales is £6,365 million single premiums and £615 million regular premiums (2005: £5,071 million single premiums and £357 million regular premiums), in respect of contracts that meet the definition of “non-participating investment” contracts under IFRS 4 “Insurance Contracts”. Under IFRS, the premiums on these contracts are not included in the Group income statement under earned premiums, but are included on the balance sheet as a deposit.

Sales from the Navigator funds administration business, previously excluded from investment sales figures, are now included in the new single premiums figures above. This change has increased total investment sales for 2006 by £1,371 million (2005: £938 million).

(i) General insurance and health business summary analysis by geographical segment

(i) Income statement for the year ending 31 December 2006

  Net written premiums Fee and commission income Profit before tax
  2006 £m 2005 £m 2006 £m 2005 £m 2006 £m 2005 £m
France 735 726 - - 77 68
Ireland 519 499 1 - 297 181
Netherlands 1,755 1,270 - 22 107 171
Other Europe 278 259 3 5 26 17
Continental Europe 3,287 2,754 4 27 507 437
Canada 1,389 1,324 10 11 169 178
Other 86 106 1 - 48 86
Rest of the World 1,475 1,430 11 11 217 264
International 4,762 4,184 15 38 724 701
United Kingdom 5,940 6,127 157 180 1,087 1,294
Total 10,702 10,311 172 218 1,811 1,995

(ii) Balance sheet as at 31 December 2006

  Segmental total assets Segmental net assets
  2006 £m 2005 £m 2006 £m 2005 £m
France 1,731 1,698 376 414
Ireland 1,765 1,916 444 564
Netherlands 2,775 5,038 630 530
Other Europe 803 860 266 284
Continental Europe 7,074 9,512 1,716 1,792
Canada 3,250 3,742 647 850
Other 405 380 255 249
Rest of the World 3,655 4,122 902 1,099
International 10,729 13,634 2,618 2,891
United Kingdom 12,203 13,114 2,986 3,090
Total 22,932 26,748   5,981

(iii) General insurance, fund management and other investments mix at 31 December 2006

  United Kingdom £m Continental Europe £m Rest of the World £m Total £m
Equity securities – fair value 2,256 1,214 510 3,980
Debt and fixed income securities at market value 3,261 4,737 2,228 10,226
Loans secured by mortgages and other loans 612 7,018 10 7,640
Other investments 13 583 1 597
Investments in joint ventures and associates 112 28 24 164
Investment property 303 106 - 409
Total investments 6,557 13,686 2,773 23,016

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